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How do computers generate random numbers?

29 July 2025

Ah, randomness! It’s everywhere in nature—think dice rolls, quantum physics, or even your cat’s indecision. But when it comes to computers, randomness doesn’t come naturally. Why? Because computers are logical machines, designed to follow precise instructions. So, when we ask for a “random” number, they can’t just pluck one from thin air. Instead, they rely on something called a pseudo-random number generator (PRNG)—essentially, randomness with a script.

How does a pseudo-random number generator work?

Here’s how computers fake randomness step by step:

The magic seed
The process begins with a “seed” number. This seed could be almost anything—like the exact millisecond from the system clock, the temperature of your CPU, or even the quirky motion of a lava lamp (a trick famously used by Cloudflare for added unpredictability).
Math happens
Once the seed is set, it’s run through a complex mathematical formula designed to churn out seemingly random results. Picture a blender spinning at full speed, tossing numbers into a chaotic whirl.
Voilà! fake randomness
Out comes a number that looks completely random. However, if someone knows the original seed and the formula, they can predict the outcome—like a magician pulling the same rabbit from their hat every time.

Can computers create true randomness?

When it comes to security, like encrypting sensitive data, fake randomness isn’t enough. For truly unpredictable results, computers turn to nature for help. They measure chaotic phenomena like radioactive decay, electrical noise, or even the small, unpredictable quirks of daily life. This kind of randomness, called “true randomness,” is far more secure and impossible to predict.

So, while computers don’t naturally do random, they’ve mastered the art of faking it with clever algorithms. But when we need something truly unpredictable, we can rely on the chaos of the natural world. Or, as a simpler alternative, just watch a cat trying to decide whether to go outside.

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Can We Tell the Difference Between High Frame Rates?

22 July 2025

Ever heard gamers argue about frame rates? One insists 60 FPS is perfectly fine, another declares anything below 240 FPS is unplayable, and then there’s that one person who swears they can see the difference between 999 and 1000 FPS—probably while wearing a pair of ancient glasses. But what’s the truth behind these claims?

How the human eye processes motion

Let’s clear something up first: the human eye doesn’t see in frames per second. It’s not a digital monitor but a complex biological system. Our eyes take in continuous information, and our brains process motion at speeds that matter—but only to a point.

At frame rates below 30 FPS, motion starts to look disjointed, like an old puppet show. Jump to 60 FPS, and things feel smoother, though many gamers will still find room to complain. Push it up to 120 FPS, and you’ll notice things feel even “snappier”—but now we’re entering a realm where perception begins to blur with personal preference.

The limits of perception

What about 240 FPS? At this stage, individual frames become almost imperceptible, but some people—especially competitive gamers—may notice the increased smoothness in fast-paced scenarios. Beyond that? Unless you’re a fighter pilot, a mantis shrimp, or bluffing, the benefits become negligible.

It’s not just about frame rate

Frame rate is only one piece of the puzzle. Motion blur, screen technology, and input lag also influence how smooth gameplay feels. So, if you’re investing heavily in a high-performance monitor, remember this: at some point, you’re not just paying for a better gaming experience—you’re paying for bragging rights.

Does it really matter?

While high frame rates can enhance gaming for certain scenarios, they’re not always necessary for a great experience. Understanding the science of perception can help you decide when to upgrade—and when to save your money.

Want to dive deeper into the science of frame rates?

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Why do arrays start at zero?

15 July 2025

If you’ve ever dived into programming, you’ve probably asked yourself: why on earth do arrays start at zero instead of one? At first glance, it seems counterintuitive, but the answer lies in efficiency and logic.

Visualising arrays: the row of lockers analogy

Think of an array as a row of lockers. Each locker has a position, starting at the very beginning of the row. The first locker is zero steps from the start, the second locker is one step away, and so on. If you want to access the third locker, you count two steps from the beginning: 0, 1, 2. This is the essence of zero-based indexing—it measures the offset from the starting point.

The link between arrays and memory

Arrays in programming map directly to how memory works in a computer. When an array is created, it’s stored as a block of memory. Accessing an element at array[i] involves the computer locating the base address of the array in memory and adding i to it. Starting at zero simplifies this calculation, making it faster and more efficient. In essence, zero-based indexing aligns perfectly with how hardware is designed to operate.

Why not start at one?

While starting at one might feel more intuitive, it’s not practical. Zero-based indexing is baked into the very foundation of programming languages, compilers, and hardware logic. Switching to one-based indexing would introduce unnecessary complexity and inefficiency. That’s why programmers worldwide have embraced zero-based indexing as the universal standard.

It’s not weird—it’s smart!

So, the next time you see array[0], remember it’s not just a quirk of programming. It’s a smart, efficient design choice that keeps your code running smoothly.

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Why DPI matters: The difference between screen & print quality

8 July 2025

Understanding DPI: What does it actually mean?

DPI (dots per inch) is exactly what it sounds like—it’s a measure of how many tiny dots (or pixels) fit into one inch of space. The more dots you have, the more detail your image retains.

For digital screens, 72 DPI is the standard because it keeps file sizes small and looks crisp at a normal viewing distance. But when it comes to printing, things change dramatically.

Think of it like wearing pyjamas. At home, wearing 72 DPI is fine—relaxed, comfortable, and good enough for what you need. But taking that same look to a first date? Suddenly, the details matter a lot more.

Why does print need 300 dpi (or more)

When you print something, you’re holding it much closer to your eyes than a screen. Your brain expects more detail because it’s used to seeing sharp, high-resolution objects up close. If your image is only 72 DPI, it won’t have enough detail to look crisp—it will appear soft, pixelated, and blurry, like a sun-faded potato chip.

That’s why 300 DPI is the magic number for print. At this resolution, images retain their sharpness even when viewed up close. The higher dot density makes lines and textures look clean, rather than jagged or smudged.

Imagine a giant poster—when viewed from 10 feet away, a few blurry dots don’t matter. But now think about a business card. You hold it right up to your face, and if it’s not printed at high resolution, it’ll look like it was drawn in MS Paint by a four-year-old with a potato.

The simple rule: screen vs print

If you only remember one thing, make it this:

72 DPI is fine for screens. It’s optimised for digital displays, loads quickly, and keeps file sizes manageable.
300 DPI (or higher) is essential for print. It preserves fine details, ensuring your artwork looks as sharp on paper as it does on screen.

What happens if you use the wrong DPI?

If you use 72 DPI for print, your artwork will look blurry and pixelated.
If you use 300 DPI for digital, your file sizes will be unnecessarily large, and it won’t look any better than a 72 DPI image.

So, always think about where your image will be seen before choosing the right DPI. If it’s just for a website or social media, 72 DPI is fine. But if it’s going to a printer, crank it up to 300 DPI to avoid a pixelated disaster.

Want to learn more about getting the best quality out of your designs?

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Why do GPUs get so hot?

10 June 2025

GPUs are the powerhouses of modern computing, handling everything from gaming to video editing and complex 3D rendering. But with great power comes great heat. Ever wondered why your graphics card runs so hot? Let’s break it down.

The science behind GPU heat

Think of your GPU like a busy chef in a restaurant, constantly preparing thousands of meals at once. Each dish represents a calculation, and just like in a real kitchen, all that activity generates heat.

At the heart of it all is electricity. Every time your GPU processes data, tiny electrical signals rush through billions of transistors. But electricity is never 100% efficient—some of that energy gets lost as heat. With so many calculations happening at lightning speed, things heat up quickly.

Why GPUs run hotter than other components

Unlike your CPU, which gets short breaks between tasks, GPUs are designed for continuous heavy lifting. Whether you’re gaming, rendering 3D models, or watching high-definition videos, your GPU is working flat out, pushing itself to the limit.

To make things even trickier, modern GPUs are built with incredible density, packing more transistors into smaller spaces than ever before. It’s like squeezing too many commuters onto a packed Monday morning train; there’s no room to breathe, and the heat has nowhere to escape.

How GPUs keep their cool

This is where cooling solutions come in. Your computer’s fans work hard to move hot air away from the GPU, while heatsinks help absorb and disperse excess warmth. High-performance gaming setups even use liquid cooling to keep temperatures under control.

If your GPU ever gets too hot, it can throttle its performance to prevent damage, but ideally, you want to avoid this from happening. Keeping your PC well-ventilated and dust-free can go a long way in helping your GPU stay cool and efficient.

Next time you hear your computer fans whirring into action, just remember: your GPU is working hard to deliver stunning graphics and smooth performance. Looking after it will keep your system running at its best.

Want to dive deeper into how GPUs work? Watch the full video here.

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What is the Dark Web?

Understanding the Dark Web: What You Need to Know

3 June 2025

What is the Dark Web? A Look Into Its Mysteries

When you hear about the Dark Web, it’s easy to imagine a place full of criminals, illegal activities, and shady dealings. But is that the whole picture? Let’s take a closer look at what the Dark Web really is, how it works, and why some people use it.

What Exactly is the Dark Web?

To understand the Dark Web, imagine the internet as a massive city. The regular web—the part of the internet where you shop, search for information, and watch videos—is like the lively downtown area. Everyone knows you’re there, from your internet provider to the websites you visit. Now, picture the Dark Web as the quieter, hidden alleyways. It’s a part of the internet where your online activities are harder to track, and you need special tools to access it—like the TOR browser (The Onion Router). When you use TOR, you’re essentially putting on an invisibility cloak, hiding your digital footprint from prying eyes.

Is the Dark Web Dangerous?

It’s not as sinister as it may sound at first. Simply visiting the Dark Web isn’t illegal or dangerous, as it’s just another layer of the internet. However, much like any other part of the internet, there are areas of the Dark Web where illegal activities occur—such as the buying and selling of illicit items. But, that’s not all. The Dark Web is also used for good. It provides a safe space for people like journalists, government agents and whistleblowers, who need to communicate securely without the risk of surveillance or hackers.

While it’s often associated with criminal activity, not everyone who visits the Dark Web is up to no good. It’s a tool for anonymity and security in an otherwise open internet, and its uses extend far beyond shady dealings.

Stay Safe and Informed

So, is the Dark Web a dangerous place? Not if you’re careful. It’s a bit like wandering into an unfamiliar neighbourhood—there are good parts and bad parts. As long as you steer clear of the illegal corners, the Dark Web can serve as a valuable tool for privacy and secure communication.

For a deeper dive into the world of the Dark Web, check out our video here.

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Why you should attend the Festival of Computing 2025

The UK’s biggest CPD event for computing teachers just got even better

29 May 2025

If you’re a computing teacher passionate about your subject and always looking to improve your classroom impact, the Festival of Computing 2025, sponsored by Craig’n’Dave and OCR, at Bromsgrove School on 2nd July, is unmissable.

Evolved from the successful Craig’n’Dave & Friends conference, this event is your one-stop shop for fresh ideas, practical CPD, brilliant networking and real-world insight from leading voices in computing education — all wrapped up in one inspirational day.

A power-packed agenda awaits

The day kicks off with breakfast and early networking before the official welcome in the spectacular Routh Concert Hall.

The keynotes are where it gets really exciting:

Jill Duffy, Chief Executive of OCR, takes the stage in the afternoon with a keynote focused on the future of computing qualifications and curriculum development — a must-hear for every teacher navigating changes in assessment and pedagogy.
Alan O’Donohoe returns with “Relight My Fire” — an inspiring and energising talk about the power of computing education.
Craig and Dave share the latest from their world and what’s next for classroom computing.

Get hands-on demos during the Fringe event, and don’t miss CPD sessions from a wide range of guest speakers, updates from Raspberry Pi Foundation, CAS, Pearson, West Midlands Regional Cyber Crime Unit and AQA, to name a few.

To see the full list of who’s speaking and what their talks will focus on HERE.

So, what makes this year different?

We’ve taken your feedback and upgraded everything:

More CPD sessions – You asked, we listened. Now enjoy three 45-minute sessions, packed with classroom-ready ideas.
Bigger marketplace – A dedicated marquee space for you to browse the latest in computing education tools and resources.
More coffee stations – Because teachers run on caffeine!
A new Fringe stage – Hear punchy, engaging ideas from exhibitors and guest speakers in short bursts.
On-site accommodation – Stay the night before with limited rooms available.
Pre-event social – Curry Supper & Social on 1st July, If you live locally or are staying overnight at Bromsgrove School or a nearby hotel, join us for a curry and a drink! The pre-event social is a ticketed event. Get your spot at the table here!

Why it matters

This isn’t just another CPD day. It’s a genuine celebration of computing education — and a chance to feel part of a bigger, supportive, and forward-thinking community.

Held at the historic Bromsgrove School, with its stunning grounds and modern facilities, the Festival of Computing 2025 offers the perfect mix of substance, setting, and shared passion.

We hope to see you there!

🎟️ Ready to book your ticket?
Secure your place now (fully refundable if you attend or cancel in good time)

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Visit craigndave.org for free teaching resources, classroom videos and community updates.

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How much does it cost to build a CPU?

27 May 2025

Building a CPU isn’t just complicated; it’s an engineering marvel that demands staggering resources.

Imagine creating the most intricate pancake in the world, where every ingredient is microscopic, precision matters, and the price tag is astronomical.

Let’s break it down to understand what goes into making these high-tech powerhouses.

Silicon wafers: the foundation of a CPU.

At the heart of every CPU is a silicon wafer. While the raw materials themselves are relatively cheap, turning them into a usable wafer is an entirely different story. The process involves cutting-edge technology and precision, with costs starting at £8,000 or more per wafer. And that’s just the beginning. The factories where CPUs are made, known as fabs, are extraordinary facilities.

Building a state-of-the-art fab capable of producing today’s 3nm or smaller transistors can set you back over £16 billion. Why so much? Because these fabs operate on an atomic scale, even the tiniest mistake can render entire batches unusable.

The level of cleanliness, precision, and technological advancement required is unmatched.

Research and development: the hidden cost.

Designing a CPU isn’t a quick or cheap process. Teams of engineers spend years creating, testing, and refining each design. Simulations, prototypes, and endless troubleshooting are part of the journey, with research and development costs reaching millions of pounds for a single chip.

It’s an investment of time, money, and expertise to push the boundaries of what’s possible.

Why CPUs are worth every penny.

When you consider the monumental effort and expense behind each CPU, it’s easier to understand their price.

Every chip is a piece of technology more complex than most buildings, packed into a form factor small enough to fit in your hand. CPUs power everything from our laptops to supercomputers, making them one of the most essential inventions of our time.

Curious to learn more about the fascinating world of CPUs?

Watch the full video on our YouTube channel for an in-depth explanation.

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Are Graphics cards cheating now?

13 May 2025

In the ever-evolving world of gaming and computing, Nvidia’s latest RTX 5000 series has sparked an interesting debate: are graphics cards actually improving, or is AI doing all the heavy lifting?

With the launch of DLSS 4 and some mind-blowing specs, we’re diving into what’s real, what’s AI-generated, and whether any of it really matters.

Are GPUs really getting better?

Nvidia’s new flagship, the RTX 5090, is an absolute beast. With 92 billion transistors, 32GB of GDDR7 VRAM, and memory bandwidth that defies belief, it’s designed to dominate 4K gaming, dabble in 8K, and obliterate your wallet at $1,999. But who is this really for? While gamers will appreciate the power, this kind of hardware is also aimed at content creators, developers, and professionals pushing the limits of rendering and AI-driven applications.

The evolution of DLSS

One of the biggest advancements in recent years has been DLSS (deep learning super sampling). When it first launched in 2018, it was a bit underwhelming—think blurry, pixelated mess. But Nvidia kept improving it, and today, DLSS 4 is a game-changer. Using transformer-based AI models, it enhances graphics, generates frames, and makes gameplay smoother than ever.

DLSS 4 includes three major features:

Super resolution – upscales lower-resolution images to 4K or even 8K.
Ray reconstruction – improves ray tracing quality using AI rather than traditional methods.
Multi-frame generation – creates new frames in real-time, making gameplay ultra-smooth.

This means you can enjoy high-end visuals without needing a ridiculously expensive GPU every year.

Is AI ‘cheating’ in gaming?

Some critics argue that AI-generated frames aren’t ‘real’ pixels, but does it actually matter? If a game looks stunning, runs at 120fps, and feels seamless, is it important whether every frame was painstakingly rendered or if AI stepped in to assist?

It’s a bit like baking a cake—whether the icing was handmade or piped by a machine, the end result is still delicious. For most gamers, AI-powered enhancements are a blessing, allowing them to enjoy top-tier performance without breaking the bank.

The future of GPUs and gaming

One thing is clear: AI is no longer just a sidekick in gaming—it’s taking centre stage. DLSS 4 is proof that Nvidia is leaning heavily into AI-driven enhancements. But there’s a catch: multi-frame generation is exclusive to the RTX 5000 series, meaning older GPUs are slowly being left behind.

For those still clinging to older hardware, the choice is clear: embrace the upgrade cycle or accept a future as a retro gamer. Either way, gaming technology is moving faster than ever, and Nvidia’s latest advancements are redefining what’s possible.

Want to see the tech in action? Check out our full breakdown of the RTX 5000 series and DLSS 4 in our Lesson Hacker video.

Be sure to visit our website for more insights into the world of technology and the best teaching resources for computer science and business studies.

Stay informed, stay curious!

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Meet the speakers inspiring change at the Festival of Computing 2025

6 May 2025

Get ready to be inspired! The Festival of Computing 2025 is bringing together some of the most experienced, forward-thinking minds in education and computing. Whether you’re an experienced teacher, a school leader, or someone passionate about the future of digital learning, our keynote sessions are not to be missed.

Let’s take a look at who’s taking to the stage to kick off the day and drive the conversation forward.

The Keynote speakers

Craig Sargent & David Hillyard – Co-founders, CEOs, and Conference Organisers, Craig’n’Dave

Craig and Dave aren’t just the minds behind the Festival of Computing – they’re the driving force behind one of the most recognised names in computing education.

Together, Craig and Dave will lead two unmissable sessions:

🎤 Session 1: Changes to the national curriculum and new opportunities

“The National Curriculum is rapidly approaching 15 years of age. The government is already undertaking a massive review of all subjects and all key stages. With this comes challenges and opportunities. Join us while we let you know what we are already doing to plan for the future.”

🎤 Session 2: Meet the Smart Revise Team

“A chance to meet the team behind Smart Revise, including our developers. Get early insight into features coming down the pipeline and give us your feedback!”

Jill Duffy – Chief Executive, OCR
🎓 OCR: Headline sponsor and the UK’s leading exam board for Computer Science

We’re thrilled to welcome Jill Duffy as a keynote speaker at this year’s event.

Jill is the Chief Executive of OCR and brings with her a wealth of experience in qualifications, assessment, and educational leadership. She’s worked across both UK and international education sectors, from primary through to vocational, and has a track record of delivering strategic growth and outstanding customer experience.

Her keynote is an important moment in the day – an opportunity to hear directly from the leader of the UK’s foremost exam board for Computer Science on where the subject is headed, and what that means for educators on the ground.

Alan O’Donohoe – Specialist Leader in Education, The Exa Foundation
“Relight My Fire”

Alan is one of the most inspiring voices in UK computing education. With over 20 years of teaching experience and now leading The Exa Foundation’s nationwide STEM enrichment work, Alan’s energy is contagious.

He’s known for creating engaging, inclusive experiences that spark curiosity in learners of all ages. Expect a dynamic session filled with insight and encouragement for teachers looking to reignite their passion for computing.

“Relight My Fire” promises to be a motivating, memorable talk that sets the tone for the rest of the day.

Session speakers bringing the Festival to life

The diverse range of sessions and passionate educators who bring the Festival of Computing to life throughout the day. Whether you’re exploring assessment, curriculum, pedagogy, or digital futures, these sessions offer something for everyone.

Here’s your guide to just some of the brilliant minds taking the stage this year.

🎓 John Palmer, Host & Conference Organiser & Michael Punt, Headmaster

A warm welcome from Bromsgrove School

We begin the day with a warm welcome from the host venue. John Palmer and Headmaster Michael Punt will officially open the Festival and share the school’s enthusiasm for hosting an event that brings together innovation, teaching excellence and a passion for computing.

Ceredig Cattanach-Chell – Subject Advisor for Computing, OCR

Ceredig brings an academic and practical edge to OCR’s computing offer. With experience as a teacher, assessor, and published author, he’s passionate about balancing digital skills with curriculum demands.

🧠 Session 1: Striking the balance

“What does OCR’s striking the balance mean for Schools and Curriculum? How do digital skills fit into an already packed agenda? This session will explore how our Striking the Balance report may impact Computing qualifications – and will specifically dig into how Digital Skills could be incorporated into the curriculum without curriculum overload.”

🧠 Session 2: Digital Exams

“View the latest developments for OCRs fully digital GCSE. Hear about our progress and journey. Review the platform and see how exams may look in the future. Discuss the implementation of digital exams and how we will maintain our J277 paper-based exams at the same time.”

🧠 Session 3: Additional Advanced Qualifications (AAQs)

“Hear about the latest development of AAQs. With the latest round of funding/defunding, this talk will look at how you can use AAQs to support those learners who may not be suitable for either A levels of T levels. Explore OCR’s offer of AAQs: Cambridge Advanced National in Computing: Application Development and Cambridge Advanced National in IT: Data Analytics”

Mark Calleja – Learning Manager for Code Club Projects, Raspberry Pi Foundation (Code Club)

Known as ‘Mr.C’, Mark blends storytelling, gamification, and AI into practical, hands-on sessions that make computing accessible and exciting.

🎮 Session 1: AI at Code Club

“A hands on, practical introduction to the AI projects collection from the Raspberry Pi Foundation, showcasing the wide range of easy to manage projects for your club. From facial recognition to decision trees and micro:bit, there is something for everyone!”

DC Adrian Bacon & DC Hannah Link – Regional Cyber Crime Team, West Midlands Regional Cyber Crime Unit

Bringing real-world context to the classroom, Adrian and Hannah’s session is all about ethical computing and prevention. Their work focuses on educating young people before they cross the line into illegal activity.

🔐 Session 1: Cyber Choices

“Ade & Hannah have developed a training video to help teachers and communities teach students the Computer Misuse Act. It’s been specifically designed to be delivered by non-technical persons and focuses on the ethical impact on both the offender and victim and the associated consequences.”

Alan Harrison – Director, Harrison Proserv Ltd (How to Teach Computer Science)

Alan’s session offers a reflective, research-informed lens into what it really means to think like a computer scientist — and how understanding “disciplinary knowledge” can change how we teach.

💡 Session 1: Disciplinary Knowledge in Computing

“What my Master’s research taught me about the “gaze” of a computer scientist and why it matters to you.”

Simon Johnson – Senior Consultant and AI Specialist, TA Education (Tablet Academy)

Simon brings classroom experience and consultancy insight together in his workshop on artificial intelligence. He’s also the author of 100 Ideas for Secondary Teachers: Outstanding Computing Lessons and the founder of #caschat.

🤖 Session 1: Using AI to teach computing

“Unlock the potential of AI in your classroom! Join us for an engaging workshop where you’ll discover how to leverage tools like Microsoft Copilot to enhance your teaching of computing. Learn practical strategies to support students with coding, reduce cognitive load, and to contextualise learning.”

Alex Parry (Senior Learning Manager) & Laura James (Learning Manager), Raspberry Pi Foundation

Alex and Laura share their expertise from the Ada Computer Science team and real classroom experience to demystify A Level web development.

💻 Session 2: Mastering A-Level web development

“Exploring core and advanced website projects for the NEA”

Rujeko Moyo (Community Coordinator – England) & Sarah Roberts (Community Manager), Raspberry Pi Foundation (Code Club)

Rujeko and Sarah share their passion for inclusive computing with a guide to setting up and growing your Code Club.

🌍 Session 2: Code Clubs in Secondary Schools

“Discover how Code Clubs can ignite learners’ interest in computing, enhance your curriculum and build confidence. This session provides a practical introduction to starting and running a Code Club including free access to facilitation resources, ongoing support for teachers and mentors, and exciting opportunities for recognising and celebrating learners’ progress through the Raspberry Pi Foundation’s annual “Coolest Projects” showcase and “Astro Pi” challenge.”

Ben Garside – Senior Learning Manager – AI Literacy, Raspberry Pi Foundation

Ben will explore how to equip young people to navigate the world of AI responsibly — a must-attend for any teacher tackling digital ethics.

🧠 Session 2: Adopting AI

“Empowering young people to safety and responsibly adopt AI tools”

Rebecca Franks (CLO) & Dr Tracy Gardner (CTO), Flip Computing

Rebecca and Tracy are driving innovation and inclusion in tech education. Their session looks at real-world impact from Dudley to your own school.

🌐 Session 2: Flock XR, the free 3D creation tool

“How schools in Dudley embraced 3D skills with Flock XR…and how you could too!”

Kat Morgan – Head of Learning, Mindjoy

Kat’s sessions focus on how AI can support both students and teachers in and out of the classroom — from automated feedback to engaging content delivery.

💡 Sessions 2: AI Tutors and Auto-marking with Mindjoy

“AI Tutors and automarking for 24/7 learning”

💡 Sessions 3: Lesson Hacker!

“Make your theory content enthralling with Lesson Hacker!”

Tim Brady – Subject Advisor, Pearson

With a foot in both industry and education, Tim brings insight into how Pearson is making onscreen assessment work for Computer Science.

🖥️ Session 3: Onscreen Exams

“Get a closer look at Pearson’s Onscreen Assessment of GCSE Computer Science”

Becci Peters – Computing Subject Lead (Secondary/Tertiary), CAS

With years of classroom and teacher training experience, Becci is a voice of clarity for both new and experienced teachers. She’s now supporting trainees nationally and contributing to assessment standards.

🎓 Session 3: Supporting students with A-Level OCR essay-style questions

“In this session we’ll look at the types of questions and briefly look at the generic mark scheme used for these questions and look at how to support your students with writing the answers to this style of question.”

Martyn Colliver – AQA Computer Science Subject Advocate, AQA

As Subject Advocate and a lead moderator, Martyn’s focus is on helping schools navigate both the AQA spec and effective pedagogy. His session combines two passions: functional programming and mathematical thinking.

🧠 Session 3: Functional Programming

“Building coding skills for A level – exploring functional programming using simple algorithms in Python and Haskell.”

Chris Calver – UK Education Manager, VEX Robotics

With a decade and a half of STEM engagement under his belt, Chris supports schools across the UK to bring computing to life through robotics.

⚙️ Session 3: Blocks to Python

“Supporting the transition from Block to Python Coding using Hybrid Environments”

Harriet Page (Learning Manager) & Andrew Csizmadia (Bebras Manager), Raspberry Pi Foundation

Engaging and accessible computational thinking is the focus for Harriet and Andrew’s session — ideal for bringing Bebras into your classroom.

🧩 Session 3: Bebras

“Bringing Bebras into the classroom: Engaging students with interactive computational thinking tasks.”

🎟️ Book your ticket today

The Festival of Computing 2025 is completely free to attend (the ticket cost is refunded after you attend the event) — all you need to do is secure your ticket now and join us on Wednesday 2nd July at Bromsgrove School.

Don’t miss this opportunity to connect with subject experts, explore the future of computing, and take away classroom-ready resources and ideas.

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Why don’t computers use a different base for numbers?

The simple reason why binary beats all other number bases

30 April 2025

Why not Base-4?

At first glance, it seems logical to ask: Why don’t computers use Base-4 instead of Base-2? After all, wouldn’t using more numbers give us more power? While it might sound appealing, the reality comes down to the fundamental way electronics work—and why binary remains unbeatable.

Electronics love simplicity

Computers are built on circuits that recognise two states: “off” and “on”. These states are easy, reliable, and practical for electronics to detect. Base-4, on the other hand, would mean handling four distinct states—imagine “off,” “partly on,” and “fully on.” Cool in theory, but impractical in reality. Building hardware to detect such levels would not only be expensive but also error-prone. Think of it like trying to get a light switch to dim to exactly 37%—possible, but far from practical.

A costly rewrite of history

Binary’s dominance dates back to the early days of computing, when switches were literal levers toggling between two positions. Switching to Base-4 today would require a complete overhaul of modern technology. Every programme would need rewriting, every processor redesigning, and every programmer retraining. The cost? More than even the world’s wealthiest could cover.

Base-3 computers: A brief history

Interestingly, a ternary (Base-3) computer was once a serious contender in the 1950s. Yet, despite its potential, binary won out for its simplicity, reliability, and efficiency. The entire computing industry has been built on this foundation, and for good reason: sometimes less really is more.

The unbeatable efficiency of binary

While other number bases could theoretically work, binary remains the gold standard. Its simplicity makes it easy to implement, cost-effective, and highly reliable. If it ain’t broke, don’t fix it—or add unnecessary complexity.

Want to dive deeper? Watch our full Craig’n’Dave Lesson Hacker video.

Be sure to visit our website for more insights into the world of technology and the best teaching resources for computer science and business studies.

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Why can’t we just stick RAM directly onto the CPU?

22 April 2025

In the world of computer science, speed is everything. So, it’s easy to see why the idea of sticking RAM directly onto the CPU seems like a genius move. Zero latency, lightning-fast speeds, and no more bottlenecks—what’s not to love? But in reality, it’s not that simple. Let’s break down why we can’t just combine these two crucial components into one.

The difference between CPU and RAM

At first glance, sticking RAM onto the CPU might sound like a great way to boost performance. After all, the closer RAM is to the CPU, the faster data can be accessed, right? Unfortunately, it’s not that straightforward. The CPU and RAM are built in fundamentally different ways.

CPUs are designed to handle calculations at breakneck speeds using logic processes. On the other hand, RAM—specifically Dynamic RAM (DRAM)—uses capacitors to temporarily store data. The catch is that these capacitors need constant refreshing to retain their information. This is similar to a student frantically rereading their notes to ensure they remember everything during revision.

Why it doesn’t work together

Trying to combine CPU and DRAM onto the same chip would cause chaos in the manufacturing process. DRAM fabrication doesn’t align well with the processes used to create a CPU. Imagine trying to install a high-end GPU into a budget laptop—it just won’t fit, and forcing it could cause damage.

Even cutting-edge technologies like Intel’s Haswell architecture use embedded DRAM (eDRAM) sparingly. The goal is to use just enough to boost performance without massively increasing production costs. However, merging CPU and RAM completely would be a manufacturing nightmare.

The speed factor: DRAM vs. SRAM

Even if we could combine the two, there’s another issue: speed. DRAM operates at a top speed of about 1 GHz, while modern CPUs can easily surpass 3 GHz. That’s like putting bicycle tyres on a Formula 1 car—you’re limiting the performance of the entire system.

To overcome this speed gap, CPUs use SRAM (Static RAM) for on-chip cache. SRAM is much faster than DRAM but comes with its own drawbacks: it’s bulkier and significantly more expensive. Sure, we could fill a CPU with SRAM, but that would come at an astronomical cost—far more than most of us are willing to pay.

Why we stick to separate RAM and CPUs

While combining RAM and the CPU might sound like a performance dream, the technical and cost limitations make it impractical. The current balance of DRAM for main memory and SRAM for cache strikes the best compromise between speed, cost, and practicality.

Want to know more? Check out The Lesson Hacker’s YouTube video –

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Getting maximum value from Smart Revise with Year 11

15 April 2025

Exams are only a few months away and what your students do now is going to make the biggest impact to their results in August. It almost doesn’t matter what their work ethic has been like up until now, there is still time for all students to achieve their potential if they engage in regular active revision using the best techniques from today.

Once you have delivered all the course content switch the topic filters to “Student controlled” in Smart Revise. Make sure you have Quiz, Terms reflective, Terms interactive and Advance modes enabled in the class settings. This will allow the students to take charge of what to revise, when and how.

Top tips for students

Use the Summary report to know the topics that are your strengths and weaknesses.

Click on a Quiz pie chart in the summary report to do multiple-choice questions only on weaker topics.

Look at the Top 10 revision references at the bottom of the summary report.
These are your specific weaknesses across the whole course. You can watch the Craig’n’Dave videos if that helps but beware of passive revision.

Click on a Terms pie chart in the summary report and filter the cards you want to focus on: sad, neutral, happy, unanswered. Reflective is a passive reflection. Interactive is more challenging but is essential. You should be able to define terms at this stage of the course. Use reflective as a reminder and interactive when you are revising.

Click on an Advance pie chart in the summary report to see exam-style questions. Use the next button to find a question you want to attempt. Start with the low mark questions first and work up. Pretend you are in a real exam. Set an alarm on your phone for the number of marks the question is worth and spend that amount of time answering the question.

Use the built-in mark schemes to mark your answer and be realistic. It doesn’t matter if you get low marks when you are practicing.

If you don’t get full marks, note the question number. Have another go at the same question a few days later to see if you can improve your answer. Use the “last answer” button to see your most recent answer.

Start with low mark questions, but don’t avoid the high mark Advance questions forever. You will get lots of 1–6-mark questions in your exam and one 8-mark question in each paper.

Just because you know something this week doesn’t mean you will remember it next week so don’t neglect the topics you have mostly green on the pie charts in the summary report. Checking you still have the understanding is important.

Start Terms – Leitner mode is good for daily reminders of terminology once you have mostly green or yellow pie charts in most of the topics on your summary report. Remember to set the topic filters to the whole course before using Leitner mode.

Beyond Smart Revise

Although Smart Revise is great, it is important to provide students with real past papers so they can practice writing on lines with a pen too! Some papers will be publicly available on exam board websites, but others will require logging in to their portals to be downloaded.

We often assume students will just “know” how to revise without being explicitly taught how to. This is a mistake. Show students the technique of mind mapping and build a mind map for a topic with them, maybe using the Terms in Smart Revise for reference. Smart Revise compliments this tried and tested approach, it does not replace it.

One technique we developed with our students is the “what why web” (see what we did there) which is a scaffolded approach to making a mind map. Write the concept in the middle and then on a second branch state what words are associated with the concept, and on a third branch state why it is necessary, any implications and examples.

For example, the concept of registers for OCR J277 might look like this:

As Dunlosky showed, the worst revision students can do is reading their notes, looking over classwork and watching videos because these are passive techniques. Knowledge organisers and revision guides are useful, but they should only be used as a reference guide to check understanding, in themselves they are not revision.

By the way, put those highlighter pens away because research has shown that highlighting notes is worthless!

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The Festival of Computing 2025: The ultimate event for computer science teachers

1 April 2025

If you’re a secondary school computing teacher looking for cutting-edge CPD, inspiring speakers, and the chance to connect with like-minded educators, the Festival of Computing 2025 is an event you can’t afford to miss. This year is sponsored by Craig’n’Dave, Bromsgrove School and OCR.

After the success of last year, this year’s event is bigger and better, packed with more sessions, a larger marketplace, and plenty of coffee to keep you fuelled throughout the day.

What is the festival of computing?

The Festival of Computing is the evolution of the hugely popular Craig’n’Dave & Friends conference. Taking place on 2nd July 2025 at Bromsgrove School, it’s a full day of collaboration, learning, and innovation for computing teachers.

Expect hands-on CPD sessions, keynote talks from top industry experts, and plenty of opportunities to share ideas with fellow educators. Whether you’re refining your teaching methods or exploring the latest tools in computing education, this event is designed to inform, inspire, and energise.

What’s new for 2025?

We’ve listened to your feedback from last year and made some exciting upgrades:

New fringe event: A fresh addition where market stall holders will pitch their ideas on teaching and learning in computing.
Bigger marketplace: We’re moving the marketplace to a large, dedicated marquee on Gordon Green, offering more space and a better experience.
More coffee stations: You asked, and we delivered. Expect plenty of coffee to keep you going throughout the day.
More CPD sessions: This year, we’re switching from two 1-hour sessions to three 45-minute sessions, giving you more variety and flexibility.
On-site accommodation: Stay on-site the night before to make the most of the event (limited availability, book HERE).
Pre-event ticketed social: If you’re local or staying overnight, join us for a curry and drinks social on 1st July—perfect for networking in a relaxed setting. *Please note there are limited tickets for the curry and drinks event available. Please book HERE.

Want a sneak peek at the full agenda? Click here.

The location: Bromsgrove School

We’re thrilled to be hosting the Festival of Computing at the prestigious Bromsgrove School.

Bromsgrove School, with its 500-year history, is one of Britain’s leading boarding and day schools. Set over 100 acres of stunning grounds, it offers world-class facilities and a first-rate academic environment, making it the perfect setting for a day of innovation and inspiration.

Secure your place today!

Don’t miss out on the must-attend computing education event of 2025.

Secure your spot at the Festival of Computing and join hundreds of passionate educators for a day of learning, networking, and fun.

👉 Get your ticket here.

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A new oral feedback framework available for assessing programming for all schemes of learning – including Time2Code.

21 March 2025

The problem: students write programs, and you have to mark them, but this type of feedback has very little impact. How could we do this differently?

Maybe simple unit testing is one solution. Using a system, perhaps even AI to check the outputs from a program against unit tests. This certainly works, but it only solves half of the problem. How do you give meaningful feedback to enable students to make progress in their future programs?

Our twenty-five years of teaching programming has shown that oral feedback is far more effective than written feedback for programming; but what questions should you be asking students when assessing their work? How can you check their understanding? What action points should students be given?

That’s where our oral feedback framework has been giving teachers an advantage as we’ve done the hard work for you. Version 2 of our popular guide is now available and it’s even easier to use.

Still based on a simplified Shulte’s block model of program comprehension, this latest version guides you more thoroughly through marking, checking understanding and setting actions.

The best part is it is free for everyone and works with all schemes of learning whether you are using Time2Code or an alternative scheme.

Download the updated framework here: TIME-2-CODE-Oral-feedback-framework.pdf

For more guidance on our points-based system, a downloadable tracking sheet and assessment of programming see our guide to assessment here: Assessment – time2code

Not seen Time2Code before? You’re missing out. This innovative approach based on all the latest research is an evolution of PRIMM. Check it out today: Home – time2code

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Are loot boxes gambling?

The digital debate every gamer should know

18 March 2025

What are loot boxes?

In simplest terms, loot boxes are mystery rewards players can earn or buy. Think of them as digital versions of Kinder Eggs, but instead of chocolate and toys, they contain skins, weapons, or characters to enhance your game. Sounds fun, right? Except you don’t know what you’re getting until you’ve paid. Cue disappointment when that elusive Messi card in FIFA Ultimate Team turns out to be yet another low-tier player.

The gambling argument

Critics argue that loot boxes mimic the mechanics of gambling. You pay for a chance at a desirable outcome, complete with flashy animations and dopamine-fueled suspense. Younger players are especially vulnerable, with some spending hundreds—or even thousands—chasing rare items.

The Norwegian Consumer Council has even labelled loot boxes as “predatory mechanisms” that exploit psychological tricks to drain wallets. Sound familiar? That’s because it feels suspiciously like pulling the lever on a Vegas slot machine, except your reward is a virtual hat rather than a pile of cash.

Developers defend their treasure chests

Game developers, however, see things differently. They compare loot boxes to toys like mystery figurines, claiming they’re just “harmless fun.” Since most loot boxes don’t pay out real money, they argue they don’t qualify as gambling. But with gaming companies raking in an estimated $15 billion annually from loot boxes, it’s clear these digital party bags are more than just fun—they’re big business.

A lack of transparency

Transparency remains a sore spot. In the UK, only two of the 45 top-grossing games disclose loot boxes in their advertising, despite being required to by law. That lack of clarity leaves players unaware of the odds—or costs—involved.

Are loot boxes all bad?

Not necessarily. For some players, loot boxes add excitement to gaming. Plus, self-regulation within the industry has started to improve, with guidelines for clearer disclosure. Yet, countries like Belgium and Japan have gone further, banning or regulating loot boxes to protect consumers.

So, are loot boxes gambling?

The answer depends on who you ask. Critics say yes, developers say no, and governments remain undecided. What’s clear is that players need to approach loot boxes with caution—because while you might win a cool skin, it’s easy to lose track of how much you’re spending.

Watch the full video for more insights!

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How do computers generate random numbers?

How does a pseudo-random number generator work?

Can computers create true randomness?

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